Re: Corrected: Explanation of 3-DVG effect

[P3D <KenDunkley@xxxxxxx>]

<< At 12:41 -0500 4/10/97, JIM CROWELL wrote:
 >At 4:51 PM -0800 4/9/97 PD3 3-D STUFF wrote:
 >>I was at the convention in Atlanta, and was impressed with the
 >>3-DVG, I still check certain images on the net and in magazines
 >>using my fingers to provide the similar effect to Ken's glasses.
 >> I learned the finger method from his great article in SW.
 
 >Though you'llll note that the "great article" omitted any description of
  theprinciples involved
 
 Jim is correct, I found I could not, in the space allotted to me in the
 Stereo World article, include a description of how the 3-DVG worked.
 However, I did reference the SPIE paper that  attempted to take a stab
 at it.  That reference is repeated  at the end of this document.
 
 In leaving out this information I felt that it was more important for the
 reader to "experience" the 3-DVG effect first.  The reason for this is 
 that basically everything about the 3-DVG  falls into the category of 
 sounding incredible.   The majority of persons who see it say that
 "had they not seen it they would not have believed it." Professor Bela
 Julesz saw it in 1989 and named it "the Dunkley effect."  
 
 After five years, I still teach the 3-DVG Workshop at the Museum of
 Scientific Discovery in Harrisburg where I get the greatest thrill in 
 showing people how to transform pictures from National Geographic 
 magazine into"what appears to be" perfect three dimensional 
 stereoscopic images  using their fingers.  The  results are 
 mesmerizing.  The next workshop is scheduled at 1:45 PM on 
 Saturday, June 28, 1997.
 
 Jim, what I would like to say to you and other group members  is 
 that the visual results of the 3-DVG process cannot readily be 
 anticipated or logically derived.  Before you actually see it, it is 
 virtually impossible to imagine what it will look like.  After 
 experiencing the effect you will understand why I say this and 
 also why   the effect  has remained undiscovered for so long.  
 Persons who detect the effect become privy to a visual 
 phenomenon  with profound implications for visual science 
 researchers and pictorial enthusiasts alike. 
 
 Jim, I am looking forward to talking to you after you've tried your
 hand at the 3-DVG.   Please e-mail me a mailing address so I
 can send you a device.  Once you have detected the effect I 
 can show you how to improve it  a conservative factor  of two.  
 You will soon learn that the process is interactive (i.e. you are 
 part of a optical feed back loop) and also adaptive in nature.  
 Brief exposure to the device can lead to a heightened sense of
 depth perception when viewing  subsequent pictures long after 
 you  use the invention.
 
 HOW DOES IT WORK.  U. S. Patent literature contains well over
 150 patented inventions that claim to give a 2-D image a 3-D 
 enhancement.  The majority of these patents are based on the
 teachings enunciated in the Adelbert Ames,Jr. patents  2,542,789
 and 1,636,450.   Ames argued that simple reflecting and refracting
 optical elements could be used to generate definite and true depth
 discrimination (i.e., 3-D) from 2-D images by altering the interoptic
 angle.
  
 What I have found, by accident, is that the Ames effect, i.e., the
 generation of 3-D from 2-D by alteration of the interoptic angle can
 be obtained without refracting elements by simply positioning the
 edge of  a pinhole or other opaque object.
 
 Also,  the pinhole effect (includes: monocular depth sensation,
 increased depth of focus, lowered veiling glare, etc.), the oldest
 of the 2-D to 3-D effects, allows the visual addition of the Ames
 effect to the effect called illocal framing.  This happens because
 the frames are situated within the depth of focus range determined
 by the pinhole diameter.   Illocal framing patented by Abrahamson
 (U.S. Patent 3,460,882) is visible framing situated in a plane
 substantially removed from that of the observed picture itself and
 near the observer.  Illocal framing dramatically improves pictorial
 depth effects and makes objects in a picture appear life-size.
 
 Thus, the 3-DVG is a device that allows the integration of four
 previously known but heretofore unrelated 2-D to 3-D effects. 
 The fourth effect is pinhole generated chromostereopsis which is
 intimately related to the Ames effect and is, in fact, identical to it
 depending on the nature of the observed target under observation.  
 Though both processes appear to be governed by the wavelength
 (chromatic) dispersion of off axial rays traversing the eye, the 
 Ames phenomenon  appears to be additionally governed by objective
 visual information (i.e., perspective, shading, aerial perspective,
 and know relationships) distributed over the region under observation. 
 This objective picture information will in most instances override
 depth information provided by the chromostereoscopic examination
 of small uniform colored targets.
 
 Both pinhole chromostereopsis and the Ames effect may be studied in
 the mutual presence of the other by placing small color targets in the
 middle of a picture undergoing observation with the 3-DVG device. Only
 when the interoptic angle change is large will chromostereoscopic
 effects assert their presence in scenes dominated by the Ames effect. 
 In these instances, strong colors, i.e., reds and blues, will detach
 themselves from objects making up a scene.    Notice also that
 stereopsis generated by the Ames effect can be observed (though
 much reduced)  when viewing b&w and monochrome photos. 
 
 The advanced 3-DVG (see diagram in the Nov/Dec 1994  SW article)
 barely qualifies to be called an optical device and consists of not
 much more than an entrance aperture for light to enter followed, six
 inches away, by a variable exit aperture.  There are no mirrors,
 lenses, prisms or optics of any kind involved.  For optimum results,
 pictures should be illuminated with a lamp containing a 100 to 150
 Watt light bulb or 50 watt halogen. 
 
 The observed 3-D effect is caused by the alignment of this simple system
 relative to the eyes.  There are three basic adjustments for alignment,
 that is, one adjustment for each independent 2-D to 3-D effect.  The
 2-D to 3-D Ames effect is controlled by altering the interoptic angle 
 (i.e., by changing the interpupillary distance between the pinholes).  
 When you were instructed to separate the pinhole images apart in the
 Nov/Dec 1994  SW article ( see fig. 8 and 9 on page 33  ) you are
 actually  increasing the Ames effect.
 
 The 2-D to 3-D pinhole effect (includes: monocular depth sensation,
 increased depth of focus, lowered veiling glare, etc.)  is controlled by
 the adjusting the pinhole diameter.    The 2-D to 3-D effect called
 illocal framing is engaged by mimimizing the pinhole diameter  and 
 by making the focused frames overlap.   The 3-DVG device adds
 these three independent effects in a totally seamless fashion, and
 produces for the viewer a true illusion of visual depth and a clarity
 of vision never before experienced.  A properly focused 3-DVG
 advanced unit will often give the viewer the momentary but distinct
 impression that they are watching the actual scene. 
 
 The above explanation leaves out a drawing of the 3-DVG; please see the
 SW article for this.  That article also contains a description of the 3-DVG
 visual process and how you are to actually move the pinholes in order to
 generate the effect.   This is very important and actually forms the
 basis of the 3-DVG patent.  I realize the above explanations need
 further development and I will do so in the coming weeks as requested.   
 
  I will repeat the offer made earlier of a free demo training unit for group
 member to try out and comment on.   Send me an e-mail with a mailing
 address.
 
 I will be glad to provide more information and further clarification upon
 request. 
 
 NOTES:  The interoptic angle is the angle defined by the two optical
 axes of the 3-DVG and the point of fixation.  
 
 REFERENCES:
 1.  Alexis L.  Davis, "Invention adds new dimension to color images," The
 Philadelphia Tribune, July 13, 1990, p. 10-D;
 2.  "Optonet: Industry briefs,"  SPIE  OE Reports, January 1992,  p. 5;
 3.  John Dennis, "Bending Colors," Stereo World, Vol. 20, No.1,
 March/April 1993, pp.34-  36;
 4.  K. J. Dunkley, "A new 3-D from 2-D visual display process," SPIE Vol.
 1915; Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IV(1993), pp. 132 - 140;
 5.  Kenneth J. Dunkley, "The 3-DVG Workshop: How to use your fingers
 to turn any color magazine picture into 3-D,"   Stereo World, Nov/Dec 
 1994, pp. 30-33.
 
 Ken Dunkley =20
 5204 Overbrook Ave.
 Philadelphia, PA
 Tel: 215-477-6106
 Fax: 215-871-0837
 kendunkley@xxxxxxx
 
 
 



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